With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. & Hu, XJ. 2015;91:30611. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. 2017;326:291. Technol Cancer Res Treat. Professor, Asst Director at VIT 2012;35:32534. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. 2015;91:55561. Int J Radiat Biol. 2003;11:346. 1996;93:46938. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. 2006;398:2537. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. Electromagn Biol Med. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. CAS Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. Acta Pharmacol Sin. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. Terms and Conditions, Bull Exp Biol Med. PubMed Electromagn Biol Med. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. Singh et al. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? 2005;1042:1018. 2004;115:1490505. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Bioelectromagnetics. Mil Med Sci. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation were observed only after the astrocytes were exposed to modulated EMF for 20min, perhaps as a result of hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. Bioelectromagnetics. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Int J Radiat Biol. Int J Radiat Biol. 2011;18:32533. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. 1994;10:13548. Behav Brain Res. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. 2012;62:22336. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Chin J Indus Hyg. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. 2006;98:170713. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. Megha et al. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. eliminating microwave and RF sources. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. 1997;44:99104. Xu et al. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. California Privacy Statement, Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Cosquer et al. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. Neurosci Lett. Nature. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. Google Scholar. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. Int J Radiat Biol. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Dasdag et al. 1988;9:33745. Article All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. 2006;5:389. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Mol Brain Res. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. 2016;25:31827. Article Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. 2005;360:6577. 2009;72:20514. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. Google Scholar. PubMed Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. CAS Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. 2006;27:295306. 1984;11:4760. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. . Bioelectromagnetics. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Mol Cell Biol. 2012;3:3440. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. Kwon et al. 2017;52:23947. 2006;27:16471. Int J Radiat Biol. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. Neuroreport. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. 1992;49:1818. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Biol Chem. BMJ. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Brain Res. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014;90:2935. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. 2009;27:556572. 2008;86:718. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. [84] and Sharma et al. 2004;155:3743. Synapse. . Wang et al. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. 2015;28:1324. Clinics. However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. 2009;63:10106. 2014;12:75. Physiol Behav. 2004;23:20114. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Google Scholar. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. PubMed Long term and excessive use of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation alter microRNA expression in brain. Rev Environ Health. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. 2000;11:16413. millimeter, or equivalently. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. 2002;64:31353. Gene. 2015;148:150. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. Google Scholar. 2 Researchers have been working. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Biomed Environ Sci. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2008;169:3845. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2015;140:23646. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer.
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