which of the following describes situational communication competence which of the following describes situational communication competence

(2011). Translanguaging with multilingual students. English learners process, understand, and respond to spoken language from a variety of speakers for a range of purposes in a variety of situations. Polygraph machines, or lie detectors, work on the principle that the presence of signs of arousal is a reliable indicator of deception in situations where other factors that would also evoke such signals are absent. Most English language learners are very familiar with at least one other language and have an intuitive understanding of how language and texts work. Although my dad and I didnt realize we were doing it, our subconscious mirroring was obviously noticeable to others. Alexia, a medical assistant, explains to Mrs. Philips that the medication is to be taken once a day with a full glass of water. texts still containing a considerable number of unconventional features. surface features and rhetorical patterns of the native language (such as replication of ways of structuring text from native culture and language). For example, some cultures tend toward less touching and greater interpersonal distances during interactions. You know, I cant drive yet. occasionally make structural and lexical errors. People may show feelings that they do not actually have, show a higher intensity of feelings than they actually have, try to show no feelings, try to show less feeling than they actually have, or mask one feeling with another. In pairshand out problems randomly and have one person perform an SBAR and the other to critique. Quintillian. Each will be defined below. Which words and phrases fit with this setting and topic? How can I possibly teach all of this? In response to both of these comments, I say, Just because I know the concepts and definitions doesnt mean I always put them to good use. Below are selected approaches for supporting native language development in K12 classrooms. The very nature of productive language implies an audience, although not always an immediate audience, as in the case of writing a book or an e-mail. may not understand texts in which the concepts are presented in isolation and without contextualized support, the sentence structure is complex, or the vocabulary is abstract or has multiple meanings. Give timely, sensitive, instructive feedback to others about their performance on the team, responding respectfully as a team member to feedback from others. This phenomenon is known as mirroring, which refers to the often subconscious practice of using nonverbal cues in a way that match those of others around us. Our tendency to assume that people are telling us the truth can also lead to negative results. Bilingual education in the 21st century: A global perspective. The abbreviation L1 refers to someones native language. Instead, he or she would likely start with one and then layer more cues on as the feelings intensified. Which skill will be most useful for you in academic contexts? However, when I do mess up, I almost always make a mental note and reflect on it. Prepare enough envelopes for participant pairs. Apply the concepts we are learning to your life and find ways to make this class help you achieve your goals. Skill Building Activity for Situational Monitoring: Participant pairs are back to back. In terms of sending, the tendency of children to send unmonitored nonverbal signals reduces as we get older and begin to monitor and perhaps censor or mask them (Andersen, 1999). Boston: Heinle & Heinle. Situational Leadership is a style of leadership where leaders consider the readiness level of the team members they serve and the uniqueness of every situation. These four domains can be classified as receptive or productive skills and as oral or written. What can you do to start improving your communication competence? You are calling mechanic. Figure 2.4 Levels of language proficiency Which of the following is NOT a method of nonverbal communication? The longer you stand like that, the more frustrated and defensive you will become, because that nonverbal cluster reinforces and heightens your feelings. If you start these things now you will be primed to take on more communication challenges that will be presented throughout this book. Public speaking anxiety is common, so dont ignore itconfront it. When I have a problem or complain in a customer service situation, I always make sure to smile at the clerk, manager, or other person before I begin talking to help minimize my own annoyance and set a more positive tone for the interaction. Bilingual books and materials in languages other than English can raise all childrens awareness through exposure to different languages and scripts. Compare the two. Chronemics. Studies show that people engage in deception much more than they care to admit. Using concepts from this section, analyze your own nonverbal encoding competence. often pass through a silent period, during which time the student may not speak English. Robert S. Feldman (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992), 23. Write one problem on the index card and place in envelope. Research in this area indicates that full proficiency in the native language facilitates the development of the second language (L2) (August & Shanahan, 2017). What can a health care worker do to ensure that a patient understands medical information? b. intrapersonal communication. Figure 2.1 Language domains. So smiling, keeping an attentive posture, and offering a solid handshake help communicate confidence and enthusiasm that can be useful on a first date, during a job interview, when visiting family for the holidays, or when running into an acquaintance at the grocery store. When breaches of personal space occur, it is a social norm to make nonverbal adjustments such as lowering our level of immediacy, changing our body orientations, and using objects to separate ourselves from others. write for themselves to express their own personality and personal thoughts. For example, Level 1 or Level 2 English language learners can still analyze and classify information if it is presented in small chunks and supported visually. Even though you may intend for your nonverbal messages to be congruent, they could still be decoded in a way that doesnt match up with your intent, especially since nonverbal expressions vary in terms of their degree of conscious encoding. The first guideline for decoding nonverbal communication is to realize that there is no nonverbal dictionary. Contextual communication styles affect listening in many ways. Logically, early humans who were more successful at mirroring were more likely to secure food, shelter, and security and therefore passed that genetic disposition on down the line to us. While you should feel free to read ahead to that chapter, you can also manage your anxiety by following some of the following tips. Q. The following guidelines may help you more effectively encode nonverbal signals using touch: These are types of touch to avoid (Andersen, 1999): The following guidelines may help you more effectively encode nonverbal signals using paralanguage. Choose effective communication tools and techniques, including information systems and communication technologies, to facilitate discussions and interactions that enhance team function. You would likely be able to offer some descriptors of how a person would look and act from the following categories: a goth person, a prep, a jock, a fashionista, a hipster. Specific leaders are needed in specific situations b. For example, asking an employee to paraphrase their understanding of the instructions you just gave them shows that you are aware that verbal messages are not always clear, that people do not always listen actively, and that people often do not speak up when they are unsure of instructions for fear of appearing incompetent or embarrassing themselves. You cant literally die of embarrassment. Audiences are forgiving and understanding. Avoid moving people out of the way with only touchpair your touch with a verbal message like excuse me.. Since nonverbal communication is more ambiguous than verbal communication, we have to learn to interpret these cues as clusters within contexts. The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. Reproduced with permission. Since this book focuses on communication in the real world, strategies for developing communication competence are not only limited to this section. For example, the following exchange between a principal and her middle school Honduran student includes appropriate grammatical features but much more information than needed: While Antonios grammatical constructions are acceptable, in U.S. settings this may not be the response expected by a principal or teacher because it contains much more information than needed. Even though verbal communication is most often used to interrupt another person, interruptions are still studied as a part of chronemics because it interferes with another persons talk time. When did the field of intercultural communication begin in the United States? are able to work with grade-level material with some modification. This knowledge of their first language (L1) will greatly enhance their opportunities to learn English. What can Rudi reasonably expect Faridah to understand and do in his ancient history class? The use of translanguaging in educational contexts has brought a wealth of both interest and disagreement. B) facial expressions. Poor Teamwork in the Medical Office, View the following video describing good situational monitoring strategies. Upon completion of the simulation module, which includes on-line case analyses, you will be able to: Identify good and poor communication and situational monitoring techniques. Linguistic concepts: An introduction to tagnemics. People who are more nonverbally expressive typically form more positive initial impressions, because expressivity in the form of immediacy behaviors is attention getting and welcoming. For example, people engaging in negative critical evaluation of a speaker may cross their legs, cross one arm over their stomach, and put the other arm up so the index finger is resting close to the eye while the chin rests on the thumb (Pease & Pease, 2004). (1997). As we age, we internalize social and cultural norms related to sending (encoding) and interpreting (decoding) nonverbal communication. Sure, stress affected his ability to be creative, but he refused to give up. You might cross your arms, a closing-off gesture, and combine that with wrapping your fingers tightly around one bicep and occasionally squeezing, which is a self-touch adaptor that results from anxiety and stress. Cooley, R. E., and Deborah A. Roach, A Conceptual Framework, in Competence in Communication: A Multidisciplinary Approach, ed. It allows for instant feedback, clarity, and understanding. Think of a time when your car didnt start and needed to get into work. C. The transmission of a message from a sender to a receiver via a medium of transmission is known as ________. How can you see this concept applying to your life? English learners process, interpret, and evaluate written words, symbols, and other visual cues used in texts to convey meaning. Therefore a nasal voice or a deep voice may not have any relevant meaning within an interaction. Hargie, O., Skilled Interpersonal Interaction: Research, Theory, and Practice, 5th ed. Educational reform, mathematics, and diverse learners: Meeting the needs of all students. In such cases, we have to turn to our knowledge about specific types of nonverbal communication or draw from more general contextual knowledge. 1 (2000): 105. Conversely, people who have interpersonal trust issues and people in occupations like law enforcement may also have a lie bias, meaning they assume people are lying to them more often than not (Andersen, 1999). Which of the following issues of the period was the songwriter most likely concerned with? There is no one tell that gives away when someone is lying. Increasing our awareness of the multiple channels through which we send nonverbal cues can help us make our signals more congruent in the moment. 1 (2009): 5476. For example, people who are more skilled at monitoring and controlling nonverbal displays of emotion report that they are more comfortable public speakers (Riggio, 1992). In general, people who are more expressive are better deceivers and people who are typically anxious are not good liars. State English language proficiency (ELP) standards (e.g., Washington state ELPs at http://www.k12.wa.us/MigrantBilingual/ELD.aspx ) or multistate ELPs (e.g., TESOLs 2006 PreK12 English language proficiency Standards, or WIDAs 2012 English language development standards at https://wida.wisc.edu/sites/default/files/resource/2012-ELD-Standards.pdf) provide helpful guidance for teaching content across the four language domains. The one with the picture describes the picture and the other draws it. Individual factors affect our ability to do anything. Do a communication self-assessment. How does this information help Rudi plan instruction for Faridah? Since nonverbal communication is multichannel, it is important to be aware that nonverbal cues can complement, enhance, or contradict each other. Some of these reactions are visible, such as increased movements, and some are audible, such as changes in voice pitch, volume, or rate. People who sit at the head or center of a table are often chosen to be leaders by others because of their nonverbal accessibilitya decision which may have more to do with where the person chose to sit than the persons perceived or actual leadership abilities. An interpersonal communication myth states that communication is always good Situational communication competence refers to which of the following? Native languages, cultures, and life experiences are resources to be tapped and provide a solid foundation for learning language and content. Research on public speaking anxiety has focused on three key ways to address this common issue: systematic desensitization, cognitive restructuring, and skills training (Bodie, 2010). All these factors will either help or hinder you when you try to apply the knowledge you have learned to actual communication behaviors. Kevin Trotman You Lie! Young ESL students enjoy finding out how much English they are learning by counting the words they understand before and after the book is read in the L1 and discussed in the L2. Getting integrated: As was indicated earlier, research shows that instruction in nonverbal communication can lead people to make gains in their nonverbal communication competence. may have difficulty understanding and using some idioms, figures of speech, and words with multiple meanings. The reason often is because many ethical missteps are situational. Why do I have to worry about English language development standards anyway? moaned Rudi to himself. Scenario 1. Defining Competence. . How can educators model and teach each facet of communicative competence while simultaneously teaching content? Kern, R. (2000). Typical Stages in the Acquisition of Negation, Linguistic Features Acquired in the Early Stages, -ing verb ending Sandi is playing ball., active sentences Ronaldo built a big tower with blocks., Linguistic Features Acquired in the Later Stages, -/s/ third person singular Sasha plays with Leia., passive voice A big tower with blocks was built by Lorca.. Often students may be able to process advanced cognitive tasks and yet not be able to express those understandings in the second language. 3-24. 4.4 Nonverbal Communication in Context. Avoid interrupting touches such as hugging someone while they are talking to someone else. Practice is a speakers best friend. We all know areas where we could improve our communication, and taking this class will probably expose even more. Research also shows that people get better at lying as they get older, because they learn more about the intricacies of communication signals and they also get more time to practice (Andersen, 1999). Even though we generally fit into certain social and cultural patterns, some people deviate from those norms. Translanguaging and Protected Spaces in a Dual Language Classroom: Tensions Across Restrictionist Policies and Unrestricted Practices. Being nonverbally expressive during initial interactions usually leads to more favorable impressions. still may require some repetition or a slower rate of speech. Other educators are wary of the work on translanguaging. Becoming more mindful of your communication and the communication of others can contribute to your communication competence. This states that for you to become a competent communicator, you must continue to learn or develop your communication skills. Active listening, for example, combines . August, D., & Shanahan, T. (2017). Ernst-Slavit, G., & Mulhern, M. (2003, September/October). Dress professionally to enhance confidence. Can I think of another way to express my ideas if I cant remember the right word? A lack of communication and social relationships can case a range of physical and mental illnesses. Translanguaging affords practitioners and academics alike a different way of conceptualizing bilingualism and multilingualism. Fill each blank with the lesson word that best fits the meaning of the sentence. Since many gestures are spontaneous or subconscious, it is important to raise your awareness of them and monitor them. Chapter 1: Introduction to Communication Studies, Chapter 6: Interpersonal Communication Processes, Chapter 7: Communication in Relationships, Chapter 11: Informative and Persuasive Speaking, Chapter 12: Public Speaking in Various Contexts, Chapter 14: Leadership, Roles, and Problem Solving in Groups, Chapter 15: Media, Technology, and Communication, Chapter 1 Introduction to Communication Studies, Section 4.1 Principles and Functions of Nonverbal Communication, Next: 4.4 Nonverbal Communication in Context, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Language proficiency can be defined as the ability to use language accurately and appropriately in its oral and written forms in a variety of settings (Cloud, Genesee, & Hamayan, 2000). Norton, B. One of the most common nonverbal signs of deception is speech errors. The following statements are about vertical integration. When you reach the stage of unconscious competence, you just communicate successfully without straining to be competent. The cognitive elements of competence include knowing how to do something and understanding why things are done the way they are (Hargie, 2011). Do you agree with how this was handled? Civic contexts? After a book has been read and discussed in the L2, students can use the L1 version to write about the topic, review issues discussed, or further their understanding. use selected simple structures correctly but still systematically make basic errors. One way to progress toward communication competence is to become a more mindful communicator. Riggio, R. E., Social Interaction Skills and Nonverbal Behavior, in Applications of Nonverbal Behavior Theories and Research, ed. Conversely, crossing your arms in front of your chest is decoded almost everywhere as a negative gesture that conveys defensiveness. Listeners are expected to make more eye contact with the speaker than the speaker makes with them, so its important to listen with your eyes by maintaining eye contact, which signals attentiveness. This module uses many of the educational materials provided by AHRQ. Students who have strong reading foundations in their first languages bring with them literacy skills that can typically be transferred to the process of learning to read in English. The ability to communicate effectively is often included as a primary undergraduate learning goal along with other key skills like writing, critical thinking, and problem solving. But many of us avoid confronting what is causing conflict in our relationships even though we know its better to talk about our problems than to let them build up. Our lateness or promptness can send messages about our professionalism, dependability, or other personality traits. Use respectful language appropriate for a given difficult situation, crucial conversation, or interprofessional conflict. Which of the following is a benefit of oral communication over written communication? Interprofessional Communication: Communicate with patients, families, communities, and other health professionals in a responsive and responsible manner that supports a team approach to the maintenance of health and the treatment of disease. They took the bus. London: UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Think, for example, about how people fall into formation when waiting in a line. The situational theory of leadership suggests that no single leadership style is best. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Intercultural communication competence (ICC) is the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in various cultural contexts. Competence involves knowledge, motivation, and skills. Discuss communication apprehension and public speaking anxiety and employ strategies to manage them. Proficiency in reading may vary considerably depending on learners familiarity and prior experience with . Communication is not only about oral and written language. Understanding the different demands of each language domain aids educators in addressing the language learning needs of their ELLs. Retrieved from: http://www.colorincolorado.org/article/home-language-english-language-learners-most-valuable-resource What aspects of communication do you think are common sense? What aspects of communication do you think require more formal instruction and/or study? and Texas at http://ipsi.utexas.edu/EST/files/standards/ELPS/ELPS.pdf C) verbal statements. Mirroring is largely innate and subconscious, but we can more consciously use it and a variety of other nonverbal signals, like the immediacy behaviors we discussed earlier, to help create social bonds and mutual liking. Our nonverbal communication works to create an unspoken and subconscious cooperation, as people move and behave in similar ways. English learners engage in oral communication in a variety of situations for a variety of purposes and audiences in a wide array of social, cultural, and academic contexts. Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard developed the Situational Leadership model in 1969 while working on Management of Organizational Behavior . Wales, UK: CAI. Try not to focus on something you find unpleasant or pleasant about someones voice; focus on the content rather than the vocal quality. While the ability to correctly form words, sentences, paragraphs, and larger bodies of text is an important expectation by schools and educators, the area of communicative competence can sometimes be overlooked. As you read the scenario below, think about English language learners (ELLs) you may know. Mottet, T. P., Steven A. Beebe, Paul C. Raffeld, and Michelle L. Paulsel, The Effects of Student Verbal and Nonverbal Responsiveness on Teachers Liking of Students and Willingness to Comply with Student Requests, Communication Quarterly 52, no.